PST04 BASIC PHARMACOLOGY DOWNLOAD BANK OF QUESTION ,CAT NA PAST QUESTION P,MODULES

 BASIC PHARMACOLOGY

An introductory text for undergraduate students in pharmacology, emphasizing principles rather than memorization. Includes chapters on endocrine pharmacology, antiparasitic chemotherapy, drug disposition, and pharmacotherapeutics, with chapter summaries and exercises.

 Basic Pharmacology, Third Edition aims to present accounts of drug actions and their mechanisms in a compact, inexpensive, and updated form, and explain the basis of the therapeutic exploitation of drugs.

Pharmacology can be divided into 3 sections: Pharmacokinetics: deals with the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of the drugs and its metabolites from the body. Pharmacodynamics: deals with the biochemical and physiological effect of the drug as well as its mechanism of action

 

SOLVE THE DIFFERENT KIND OF QUESTIONS SO AS TO MAKE YOU COMPENTENT CHECK EXAMINATION  SAMPLE FOR SOME SECTION  

1. (a)Mention four indications of Nifedipine (4 Marks)

ANS

 • Other clinical uses

o Treatment of angina

o Treatment of arrythmias

o Treatment hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

o Threaten premature labour (by using Nifedipine)

(b) Mention two contraindications of Nifedipine ( 2 Marks)

ANS

o 1st trimester pregnancy

o Breast feeding

2. (a) Mention four precautions to be taken in administration metronidazole (4 Marks)

 

 ANS 

• Avoid use with alcohol

• hepatic impairment

• pregnancy

• breast-feeding

(b) Mention four available formulations of metronidazole (@ 0.5, 2 Marks)

ANS

tablets, syrups, gel for skin and infusion form.

3. (a)  Explain briefly the mechanism of disulfirum like reaction of alcohol and metronidazole (1 MARK)

ANS

The drugs inhibit the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase so that acetaldehyde (toxic

metabolite of alcohol) accumulates. 

(b) Mention four typical symptoms of disulfirum reaction of metronidazole and alcohol (5 Marks)

ANS

generalized vasodilatation

 fall in blood pressure

sweating

dyspnoea,

headache,

chest pain,

nausea and vomiting.

convulsions 

circulatory collapse

4. (a) Artmether Lumefantine is indicated in which form/type of Malaria? ( 1 mark)

ANS

Uncomplicated Malaria

(b) Mention four conditions in which Artmether Lumefantine is not indicated ( 4 Marks)

ANS

o Children below 5kg body weight

o First trimester of pregnancy

o Lactating mothers with child below 5kg of body weight

o Hypersensitivity to either Artemether of Lumefantrine 

5. Sulphonamides are commonly used drugs for treatment of different conditions. For each of the following conditions, mention one example of sulphonamides (5 Marks @1)

(a) Treatment of Malaria

(b) Skin burn

© Intestinal conditions like ulcerative colitis

(d) Treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia

(e) Ocular infections

 

6. Mention Six side effects of salbutamol (6 Marks)

7. (a) Define hypertension as used in medicine (1 Mark)

ANS

• Defined conventionally as a sustained increase in blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. 

(b) Mention four types/categories of antihypertensive drugs( 4 Marks)

ANS

• Diuretics

• Sympathoplegic agents

• Direct vasodilators

• Agents that block production or action of angiotensin 

8. (a) Mention two clinical indication of pethidine. (2 Marks)

ANS

Commonly used for postoperative pain relief.

 Reduction of severity of labour pain without reducing the force of contraction of the uterus.

   

 (b) Mention four opioid analgesics (4 Marks)

ANS

Morphine

Pethidine

Tramadol

Codeine

Methadone

Write your examination number on each answer sheet you are using.

DIRTY WORK IS NOT ALLOWED.

There will be a penalty of three (3) marks if questions are not answered in essay format.

1.Describe Methyldopa explaining its use, clinical indication,contraindication ,side effects and dosage 

Methyldopa

• Methyldopa is useful in the treatment of mild to moderately severe hypertension.

• It lowers blood pressure chiefly by reducing peripheral vascular resistance, with a

variable reduction in heart rate and cardiac output.

• Most cardiovascular reflexes remain intact after administration of methyldopa, and blood

pressure reduction is not markedly dependent on maintenance of upright posture.

• Postural (orthostatic) hypotension sometimes occurs, particularly in volume-depleted

patients.

• One potential advantage of methyldopa is that it causes reduction in renal vascular

resistance.

Clinical Use, Contraindication and Side Effects and Dosage of Methyldopa

• Methyldopa is used frequently in treatment of hypertension in pregnancy, either singly or

in combination with other antihypertensive drugs.

• Methyldopa is contraindicated in severe liver disease and in renal failure

• Side effects

o The most frequent undesirable effect of methyldopa is overt sedation, particularly at

the onset of treatment.

o With long-term therapy, patients may complain of persistent mental lassitude and

impaired mental concentration. Nightmares, mental depression, vertigo, and extra

pyramidal signs may occur but are relatively infrequent.

o Lactation, associated with increased prolactin secretion, can occur both in men and in

women treated with methyldopa.

o This toxicity is probably mediated by inhibition of dopaminergic mechanisms in the

hypothalamus.

o Rarely haemolytic anaemia can occur.

• Dose

o Initially 500-750mg in two to three divided doses respectively. Duration depends on

the response of the initial doses.

2. Explain acetyl salicylic acid by describing its indications, cautions, contraindication, side effects, interaction and dose.

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)

• It is indicated for mild to moderate pain, pyrexia, rheumatoid arthritis and is also used to

reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and deep venous thrombosis.

• To be given with cautions for a patient with

CMT 05109 Pharmacology and Therapeutics NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

Session 13: Analgesics and Antipyretics 133

o Asthma, as it may induce bronchospasm

o Allergic disease

o Hepatic impairment or renal impairment

• Contra-indications

o It is not advised to give aspirin-containing preparations to children under 16 years and

breast-feeding mothers unless specifically indicated (as it may precipitate to Reye's

syndrome)

o Asthma

o Peptic ulceration or gastritis and bleeding disorders like haemophilia

• Interaction

o NSAIDs cause salt retention and therefore reduce potency of diuretics

• Side effects

o Generally mild and infrequent but high incidence of gastro-intestinal irritation with

slight asymptomatic blood loss

o Increased bleeding time, bronchospasm and skin reactions in hypersensitive patients

o Recommended to be taken with food to avoid gastric irritation

o Reye's syndrome

• Dose

o By mouth: 300–900 mg every 6 hours, when necessary

o Maximum dose is 4g daily

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